SCADA SYSTEM AND HOW ITS WORK

 Rather than the software that operates the hardware, we frequently picture a specific piece of hardware when we consider technologies that have revolutionised industrial automation. Although the SCADA software manages all the activities smoothly, the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) significantly increases efficiency and control in factories and manufacturing facilities.

Understanding what SCADA systems are, how they work, what makes up one, and where they fit into contemporary industrial workspaces are crucial to comprehending the fundamentals of these systems.

WHAT IS SCADA SYSTEM

There's a good probability that you've heard about SCADA if you've ever worked in a manufacturing. If you are unfamiliar with factory floors, this concept could be foreign to you. SCADA systems are an industrial control system that underpin daily operations in many manufacturing plants. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition is referred to as SCADA. SCADA systems simply collect and swiftly analyse real-time data. They are used in the manufacturing industry to monitor and automate the industrial automation's control procedures.

PLCs or Remote Terminal Units are the first components of the fundamental SCADA system (RTUs). These tiny computers relay information to computers running SCADA software after receiving it from sensors and equipment in a factory or activity. On a Human Machine Interface (HMI), the software distributes, processes, and displays data so that a human operator can use it to make choices.

After the adoption of industrial computers, particularly PLCs, SCADA systems were first introduced to the factory floor. Early in the 1970s, the term "SCADA system" was used to describe the software that enabled automatic communications to transfer data from remote sites to monitoring apparatus. SCADA is widely used in a number of major industries, including chemical, food and beverage, automotive, and oil and gas. We'll go through some of the essential parts and features of a fundamental SCADA system below.

FUNCTIONS OF SCADA SYSTEM

A SCADA system's hardware and software components cooperate to carry out the tasks of gathering, analysing, and displaying real-time data from manufacturing activities. Current SCADA systems allow for the remote monitoring and management of many different processes.

Data collection, network data communication, data presentation, and control are the four main tasks performed by a SCADA system.

ACQUISITION OF DATA

SCADA systems collect data from PLC-connected network devices and sensors. They track variables like flow rate, pressure, flow rate, temperature, weight, and gas emissions. After being processed by a PLC, this raw data is then transferred to an HMI where a human operator can review it and take any necessary action.

NETWORK DATA COMMUNICATION

While transferring data between machines and operators, SCADA systems must use wired or wireless communications technology. These networks make it possible to manage numerous systems from one location.

DATA PRESENTATION

The information is shown to a human operator using an HMI or HCI (Human Computer Interface), which receives data from SCADA systems. The operator is informed when there is a "alarm" or dysfunction—when a control factor is not operating within the expected operational range—by this master station, which continuously monitors all sensors.

CONTROL

On the basis of the information gathered from the sensors, SCADA systems can be programmed to make specific control decisions. Turning on and off the electricity, altering the temperature, reducing or increasing speed, and managing a number of industrial processes are all examples of control functions.

COMPONENTS OF  A SCADA SYSTEM 

SCADA systems are made up of multiple hardware and software components that cooperate to carry out the aforementioned activities. Data collection tools including sensors, relays, and switches make up the hardware. The data is translated and then translated by SCADA software, which can also be programmed to perform control and alarm operations.

The state and parameters of a machine are measured and controlled by digital or analogue inputs and sensors. Data acquisition, which is then delivered to the PLCs or RTUs, is their main duty. PLCs and RTUs are little industrial computers that gather data from sensors and inputs and present it in an understandable manner. They convey commands to control relays and act as regional collection hubs for reports. The information gathered from various PLCs is then transmitted to a central HMI.

A human operator may examine all the data gathered from networked devices and sensors thanks to HMIs, which act as the master and satellite computer stations in the system.The data is frequently shown in graphical representations of machines and devices,data charts,and performance reports,among other visual representations.The human operator can decide how to best run the production process by using the information at hand.Information may be exchanged between the machines.PLCs and operators thanks to the communication network.For connecting to local geographic areas to other geographic areas,SCADA systems often use a closed LAN or WANs.A SCADA system cannot function without a properly planned communication network.

SCADA SYSTEM IN MODERN INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION:

PLCs are frequently employed in modern industrial workspace as the device that transmit data from sensors and inputs to an HMI ,allowing operators to make decisions regarding the manufacturing processes.To maintain effective operations,all the components operate together through SCADA software

While learning about PLCs, it is essential to comprehend the principles of software as well as the components and capabilities of a SCADA system.

Why C programming is must ?

C is a procedural programming language.Dennis Ritchie first created it between 1969 and 1973. It was primarily created as an operating system programming language. Low-level memory access, a small set of keywords, and a clean style are the three primary characteristics of the C programming language, which makes it ideal for system programming like operating system or compiler development.

Understanding the basic architecture of how things function is the most important benefit of learning C programming, but there are other advantages as well.

Think about a scenario where someone is learning to drive a car. We have a wide range of alternatives when it comes to purchasing an automobile in the present day thanks to technological innovation. There are certain cars featuring automatic driving modes, automatic gear-change functions, and other systems that eliminate manual overhead and simplify driving. Imagine the person learns to drive in a vehicle with automatic gear changing. After receiving driving instruction, the applicant applied for a licence, which required passing a driving test. The car being used for the driving test is a manual one without an automatic gear shift. The person was eventually dismissed since he was simply unable to respond to some fundamental questions about gears because he was not even aware of them.

The advantage of learning C is comparable. The gentleman could have operated the automated car with ease if he had first learnt to drive a manual car. Similar to this, learning C programming initially will make it easier for you to master any other contemporary programming language. Learning C will help you comprehend much of the operating system's fundamental architecture. such is using pointers or memory addresses, etc.

Now let's examine some significant benefits of learning C programming:

C is the Middle Level language:The middle-level languages fall between high-level user-friendly languages and low-level machine-understandable assembly languages. C bridges the gap between low-level and high-level languages since it is a middle-level language. Programming at the application level and writing operating systems are both possible with it.

Helps one understand the basic ideas of computer theories:The majority of computer-related theories, including computer networks, compiler design, computer architecture, and operating systems, are built on the C programming language, and working on them necessitates a solid understanding of the language. Because machine level features are hidden from the user in newer high level languages, mastering C programming is necessary to interact with CPU cache, memory, and network adapters.

Fewer Libraries:In comparison to other high-level languages, the C programming language contains less libraries. Learning C programming helps you write a lot of things from scratch, which greatly simplifies programming principles. You won't be fully dependent on the programming language to carry out some basic tasks, and carrying them out independently will also help you develop your analytical skills.

In terms of execution speed, C is very quick:C programmes are substantially faster to execute than programmes written in any other programming language. Because it doesn't require any additional processing overheads, such rubbish collection or stopping memory leaks, the C programming language executes incredibly quickly.

Embedded programming: A lot of embedded programming is done in C. Micro-controller programming, which uses the C programming language to control micro-controllers, is another name for embedded programming. The usage of microcontrollers and embedded programming is widespread in hardware, robotics, and automobiles.

IMPORTANCE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

IMPORTANCE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS     

      You all must have heard about embedded systems.An embedded system is a computer system with a particular defined function within a larger mechanical or electrical system. They control many devices in common use.They consume loe power, are of a small size and their cost is low per-unit.

Embedded systems of the modern era frequently use micro-controllers. A micro-controller is a tiny computer on a single integrated circuit that has programmable input and output peripherals, memory, and a CPU core. Due to the devoted nature of embedded systems, they can be tuned to decrease product size and cost while increasing performance and dependability.
Nearly every electronic device in our environment has an embedded system, including cell phones, digital watches, MP3 players, washing machines, security systems, scanners, printers, ATMs, traffic lights, remote controls, microwave ovens, and many more.
Because new products are released daily that make use of embedded computers in various ways, the applications for embedded systems are practically endless.

A revolution in science has been brought about by embedded systems. It is a component of the Internet of Things (IoT), a technology that enables data flow over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction between things, animals, or people.

Let's simplify things for you. For instance, let's say you are on a train travelling somewhere, already fifty kilometres from home, when you suddenly remember that you forgot to turn off the fan. Not to fear, you can turn it off utilising the Internet of Things technology by simply hitting a button on your smartphone.
This is just one benefit of IoT, though. The Internet of Things (IoT) can also give parents real-time information about their baby's breathing, skin temperature, body position, and activity level on their smartphones and many other applications that can make our lives easier. We can monitor Pollution Levels, control the intensity of street lights according to the season and weather requirements.

New invention generations are just now starting to emerge.

FUTURE OF PLC AND SCOPE OF PLC

 PLC :

A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) . As an outcome, it can be used as a standalone industrial PC or in a network of PLCs to automatically control a process or perform a certain function. PLC uses a variety of linked sensors to collect data from the outside world, such as fluid temperature, tank level, object speed, and so forth. If automation professionals used PLC to control forms, industrial automation would eventually have a very positive future. Nonetheless, the external sensors convert the real-world data into electrical signals, which they then transmit to the PLC, which in turn creates the electrical signals and employs them to complete the pre-programmed operation.
PLCs are used in many different contexts, and many older automation techniques have been improved. This updated automation is more flexible and simple to modify. This makes it appropriate to have a portable and increasingly proficient process. PLCs, however, appear in a variety of forms. The PLC-related sensors are more intelligent now than they were before. The fate of industrial automation is greatly influenced by PLC, also known as a programmable logic controller. Automation is being used to control the devices, and logically, PLC programmes can be used. PLC can handle extreme temperatures and is resistant to vibration and shock. It is primarily designed for multiple information and yield arrangements.

Give us a chance to comprehend the supporting points in the article on the potential future of industrial automation:
Recent trends in industrial automation include a rise in cloud-based supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) frameworks, a development in the use of PLCs and PACs, and a greater use of analytics. A survey predicts that these trends will have an effect on the industrial automation control market. Although the patterns are likely to be observed globally, the paper also predicts that they will result in an eight percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for the Asia-Pacific region.Unmatched energy productivity, improved structure and operator visualisation, and stringent safety standards are pushing the automation industry towards an eventual destiny of unmatched profitability.

PLCs are constantly improving and expanding to become the ideal option for many industrial automation applications. Because to improved programming adaptability and easiness, scalability, more memory, smaller sizes, quick (gigabit) Ethernet, and implicit remote features, the scope of plc programming is expanding quickly. PLCs are making money thanks to USB technology, which makes it simpler than ever to connect to the internet, configure, and monitor your control systems. PLC programming will advance, and you may expect to see this alternative on more compact PLCs when smaller miniaturised scale and tiny USB ports become available. PLCs will continue to advance in the future as they adopt innovative advancements in communications, hardware, and software.

When each invention works with automation techniques, the level of industrial automation in the future will be suitable. It is the utilisation of numerous control gadgets, for example, PC's, DCs, and PLCs to control various operations of an industry without significant mediation from humans and to supply automatic control performance. Businesses would implement numerous innovations to achieve the best performance or yield, making the automation frameworks the most crucial for endeavours. Industrial automation, on the other hand, comprises the use of sophisticated control techniques including cascade controls, control hardware devices, and various instruments for detecting the control variables, etc.

A distributed server/multi-client application is screened and controlled by the most recent PLC innovation. Also, it provides a complete and accurate image of activities, meeting the needs of numerous stakeholders, including those involved in building maintenance, operations, and information innovation (IT). Using the most recent PLC improvements, robust and reliable functions can be attained. With the help of these innovations, you may benefit from visualisation, adaptability, and other new developments, overcoming a variety of obstacles in practise and discrete applications while delivering crucial visibility when you need it.

Industrial automation innovation is what propels businesses forward. The technological landscape of industrial automation has seen a significant transformation from the invention to the introduction of collaborative robots. In the upcoming year, the automation sector will be shaped by these innovative breakthroughs. Whatever the case, features have been improved and advanced in the global automation industry. The threat to security has increased interest in open-source software, which is updated by a vibrant community eager to correct errors.

CONCLUSION : 

Since 1947, the use of PLCs in industrial automation has increased, and many companies that automate use them to install control systems and reduce human labour while increasing accuracy and productivity. PLCs are well-liked because of their accuracy.

WHAT IS VLSI AND ITS USES ?

  

 Very large-scale integration is the process of integrating millions of MOSFETs onto a single chip (VLSI). When Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (chip) technology became widely used in the 1970s, it paved the way for the advancement of complex semiconductor and communications technologies. Microprocessors and memory chips both use VLSI technologies. A circuit might contain a CPU, ROM, RAM, and other glue logic.

USES OF VLSI : 

     When thousands of transistors were combined into a single chip, the era of Extremely Large Scale Integration for Integrated Circuits (IC) began in the 1970s. A single device may now incorporate more than a billion transistors. The term "VLSI" is still in use, despite some attempt being made many years ago to coin a new designation, ULSI (Ultra-Large Scale Integration), for subtle differences. This technology has greatly improved our daily lives when it first emerged.
      Many facets of integrated circuit design and manufacturing are covered by VLSI. Pre- and post-synthesis, simulation and verification, RTL (Register Transfer Language) coding, place-and-route, synthesis, timing analyses, timing closure, and multi-step semiconductor device fabrication, including wafer processing, die preparation, IC packaging, and testing, are all included in the design and optimisation of VLSI architecture. A single chip can now contain hundreds of millions or even billions of transistors thanks to advancements in manufacturing technology.
       As a result, more intricate and large-scale systems might be integrated into a single chip called a System-on-Chip (SoC), which presents engineers with ever-increasing hurdles to master their techniques in all facets of VLSI design. Real SoC architecture applications are typically speed-hungry. For instance, the Ethernet standard has advanced from 10Mbps to 10Gbps. The 100Mbps Ethernet standard is currently being developed.

                             

CONCLUSION : 

       On the other hand, as wireless and portable computing devices become more commonplace, low power consumption has become more crucial. To take into account these conflicting goals, VLSI designers must optimise at every level of the design process. This article aims to cover a wide range of VLSI design topics. One of the leading VLSI TRAINING INSTITUTE IN CHENNAI also offers online VLSI COURSES TRAINING AND CERTIFICATE on its website. We  have a VLSI institute in chennai that offers a number of VLSI certification programmes.

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

 WHAT IS PLC ? PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

 Are you an engineer by training?

Have you studied or earned a degree in the engineering fields of instrumentation and control, electrical, electronics, or electronics and communication?

So then, you might find information about the Programmable Logic Controller interesting. You may be wondering things like, "What is PLC explain?". What is PLC and how does it function? Why is PLC used? What does it mean? What varieties of PLC are there? What make up the PLC's primary parts? You will then find all of the answers to the questions above in this post.

The PLC is essential in today's industrial era for managing the intricate control system. Compared to outdated electromechanical relay systems, PLC has many benefits. In layman's terms, we may state that PLC provides an easy way to change the intricate workings of a control system without significantly altering the control wiring.
What is a PLC or a programmable logic controller? How does it function? Why is it so crucial?

PLC : 

A programmable logic controller (PLC) is an industrial digital computer that has been ruggedized and tailored for the control of manufacturing processes or any activity that necessitates high-reliability control, simplicity of programming, and process fault identification.

An industrial computer called a PLC excludes a mouse, keyboard, and monitor.
Given that it is an industrial computer, the general computer has created a logical programme to control the process.
Then cables are used to transfer this software to the PLC. The PLC memory houses this programme.
A programming language known as Ladder logic, Statement List, or Functional block diagram is used to create the logical programme.
Those with electrical or instrumentation expertise can quickly grasp a programme because of the manner it has been written.
Many inputs and outputs are seen on a programmable logic controller.
A PLC uses input terminals to monitor the status of switches and sensors, and based on that status, it sends commands to the output devices via output terminals.

PLC ARCHITECTURE : 

            

The PLC system's fundamental architecture is depicted in the above diagram. The PLC system's key elements are as follows:

                             ⇨  Central Processing unit

                             ⇨  Processor

                             ⇨  Memory

                             ⇨  Power Supply

                             ⇨  Input/Output Module

                             ⇨  Communication Protocol

                             ⇨   Programming Device

PLC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE : 

       The program is prepared using a language which is called programming language. This is the list of PLC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE:

• Ladder Diagram(LD)

• Instruction List(IL)

• Structured Text(ST)

• Function Block Diagram(FBD)

• Sequential Function Charts(SFC)

Out of all these languages, Ladder Diagram(LD) is widely used in the Automation industry because of its easy understanding.

 TYPES OF PLC : 

        There are mainly two types of PLC in terms of physical hardware:

• Compact PLC or Fixed PLC
• Modular PLC

COMPACT PLC OR FIXED PLC : 

       Each module is contained within its own casing. The number of input/output modules in this form of PLC is fixed.In a single case, the Processor, power supply, and communication card are all contained. You can see an example of a stationary or compact plc in the image below.

 MODULE PLC : 

This kind of PLC is implied by the name to have a variety of modules. Just simply adding modules, inputs and outputs modules can be readily increased.

It is also known as a rack mounted PLC because all of the modules are mounted in a rack. The modular type PLC is depicted in the image   . 

ADVANTAGES :

        Relays are used to control the process prior to the introduction of PLC. Even when troubleshooting, this relay control panel requires a lot of work to discover the issue because there are many cables, and it takes too long to figure it out. It also requires routine maintenance and uses a lot of power.

      PLC control systems have some benefits over relay control systems.Easy to install and maintain PLC system (There are fewer wires in this system as compared to the Relay control system).

The logic is simple to programme and alter both online and offline (Luckily, there is no need to change in wiring of the PLC system during modification of a process).      

 DISADVANTAGES :

      PLCs have restrictions when operating in high-temperature, vibrating environments.
     High Start-Up Cost (PLC is not considered necessary when applied to industrial systems that do not need to change the wiring)

APPLICATIONS : 

   PLCs are widely used in almost all types of industries because of their rugged nature, flexibility, and reliability.

  

 

                                                                               

WIZTECH AUTOMATION SOLUTIONS PVT.LTD

 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

         Embedded System Technology is one of the technological advances. An embedded system is a small functional component that serves a specific purpose within a bigger device. Hardware, software, and real-time operating systems make up its three components. One embedded device is the automobile's audio system.

SCOPE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

       Planning a career in embedded systems is a wise move. The embedded system's scope is greater than that of other fields. There are numerous chances of finding a job in India's embedded system.

       Every electronic device will have an embedded system in the future. The use of embedded systems will increase with the development of artificial intelligence. As a result, embedded system technology has a promising future. The embedded system will provide you a range of possibilities. Options include:

        A software or embedded systems engineer helps with the design, development, and management of embedded systems in products. Embedded Software Engineer (Firmware). In general, software development is a component of the work. Yet it also requires a profound comprehension of whole embedded systems. Your task will be associated with the firmware because it is the chip in the gadget.

       System Software Engineer (RTOS)- As stated previously, a Real-time operating system (RTOS) is part of an Embedded system. Engineers of embedded systems must deal with RTOS and other related tasks.

There are also the following career paths in embedded system technology:

1. A software engineer for applications (device drivers)
2. Engineer for embedded hardware.
3. Embedded System Trainer 

With improvements and advancements in the fields of hardware, distant communications, organising, mental and emotional reasoning, and advanced mechanics, the devices around you now communicate in more ways than you could have ever imagined.

It won't be long before every object around us has a little processor or sensor built into it that is invisible to us but communicates with any other nearby devices, making our lives more connected and accessible than at any other time in recent memory. 

Embedded frameworks have come a long way since they first started. A few toilets and toasters can tweet about their activities today. Embedded frameworks have shown how innovation develops through complexity, from sartorial cunning to clever banking.

With advancements in mechanical technology, arranging, distant communications, cerebral and emotional thinking, and gadgetry, the world around you now communicates with gadgets in more ways than you could have ever imagined.

Our lives will be more connected and accessible than ever before when every object around us has a tiny processor or sensor implanted inside of it that is invisible to us but communicating with any other nearby devices.

To explore embedded technology it is important to get the skills by enrolling in an EMBEDDED SYSTEM. That's where things get started. WIZTECH AUTOMATION SOLUTIONS PVT.LTD is there to assist with professional mentors for fulfilling career opportunities in embedded technology. 
  

  

PURPOSE AND USES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

PURPOSE AND USES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM       

    Most of the technology that we use on a daily basis is operated in large part by embedded systems. All of our household appliances, smartphones, uninterruptible heating and security systems, and other electronic devices depend on embedded system technology to function.

WHAT IS EMBEDDED SYSTEM ?8051 MICRO CONTROLLER 

       A sort of computer system known as an embedded system typically integrates into a larger system, gadget, or piece of electronic equipment. They are acomponent of practically every modern piece of technology we use today and consist of a microcontroller that serves a specific purpose within a product.PIC MICRO CONTROLLER
      

     The only way an embedded system can function is if it gets a specific signal in real time. It is a reactive component. It uses sensors and actuators to communicate with the other parts in its environment, and it will only carry out its intended task if it receives the proper response.  AVR ,ARDUINO, ARM

     An embedded system should not be confused with a dedicated system, despite the fact that it frequently dedicates itself to solely carrying out one duty. The name of the system comes from the fact that it is a fixed part of a machine or device that cannot be moved, as opposed to a modular part that may be exchanged for a part with a different function.

       A crucial characteristic of an embedded system is its tiny size, low cost, and low power consumption. Due to the fact that they often only execute one, straightforward job, they are typically simply composed of a power source, communication ports, a CPU, and memory storage, and only minimum software is needed to run and interface with other components.

COMPONENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM :EMBEDDED SYSTEM 

             The bulk of embedded systems have a very straightforward structure made up of just three components.

             The hardware for embedded systems, which is based on microprocessors and microcontrollers, is the first of these. A microcontroller has similar chips, but they are internal to the component rather than being externally linked. A microprocessor is a CPU that uses external chips for memory and peripheral connections.

              Sensors, actuators, and A-D or D-A converters are examples of additional hardware found in embedded systems.

             Along with software and firmware, this hardware enables the embedded system's particular purpose to be controlled. The complexity of this software will depend on the memory and processor speed.

              Real-time operating systems are the last essential element of an embedded system, albeit not all systems have them. Real-time operating systems (RTOS) define and enforce rules about how long particular tasks should take while also carrying out tasks and sending data about them in real-time.

PURPOSE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM : 

         Embedded systems are used to manage a certain operation inside of a device. Embedded systems are often merely made to carry out this task repeatedly, but more advanced ones can take control of whole operating systems.

         Even while some more sophisticated embedded systems can accomplish a variety of tasks, these are still rather straightforward jobs that don't call for a lot of computing power.

         Embedded systems' inability to be programmed, which makes them reliable once configured to carry out a certain task, means that this is one of their primary distinguishing features. Yet, some devices with embedded systems allow for software upgrades, which allows for the improvement of programmed functions.

         An embedded system is a very dependable electronic component that requires no maintenance and is relatively simple to add to a device because it is created and programmed to serve only one purpose. Although they are a crucial component of a system, they are highly unlikely to malfunction and do not require reprogramming, making them a necessary component of many devices that are needed for a device to simply operate without human interaction, such as home appliances.

TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM : 

         Even though the majority of these parts have essentially similar designs and functions, there are a number of different types of embedded systems that have unique properties and call for varying degrees of design and installation expertise. You can find embedded systems that fall under more than one of these headings, such as mobile embedded systems with independent functionality.

EMBEDDED SYSTEM IN REAL-TIME :

       Most embedded systems use real-time software, which means they perform the desired output function within a predetermined amount of time. They are most frequently utilised in time-sensitive devices or systems that need a very reliablesystem to make sure that functions are carried out when necessary.

EMBEDDED SYSTEM IN NETWORKING : 

        A network embedded system operates inside a machine or connected device that outputs data to other systems. They are widely used in home security systems where a small device is needed to carry out a straightforward task or react to a particular input before informing a larger, more intricate system that is connected through a network.

EMBEDDED SYSTEM  IN MOBILE APPLICATION :

      Any embedded system employed in portable tiny devices is referred to as a mobile embedded system. They are also present in digital cameras, watches, and music players in addition to smartphones, and are typically relatively basic anddemand little power and memory.

SELF-CONTAINED EMBEDDED SYSTEM : 

      An embedded system that is autonomous or stand-alone operates independently and doesn't need a host system, like a computer, to function. It does not require a connection to any other network or system in order to gather input data, process that data, or carry out the necessary function. Such examples include thermometers or kitchen gadgets like microwaves.

WHAT IS C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE ?

 INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS PROGRAM ?

• A PROGRAM IS THE SET OF INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN TO THE COMPUTER.
• THE INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN TO THE COMPUTER BY THE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES LIKE,                                                                                             ⇒ C , C++, C# , JAVA , PYTHON  etc..,   
• ALL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES HAVING SET OF RULES CALLED SYNTAX.
• SYNTAX IS A BASE OF EVERY PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE,EVERY LANGUAGE AS ITS OWN SYNTAX . IT IS A PRE-DEFINED RULES AND PROCEDURES WHICH USER MUST BE FOLLOWED WHILE WRITING ANY INSTRUCTION IN A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE.

C LANGUAGE

     C LANGUAGE IS A MOST POPULAR PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE BECAUSE IT IS A STRUCTURE , HIGH LEVEL , MACHINE INDEPENDENT LANGUAGE. 

     ⇛ ALGOL WAS THE FIRST PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE TO USE A BLOCK STRUCTURE, IT WAS DEVELOPED IN  EARLY  1960's ,

     ⇛ IN 1967, MARTIN RICHARD DEVELOPED A LANGUAGE CALLED BCPL(BASIC COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE). 

     ⇛ IN 1970, KEN THOMPSAN CREATED A LANGUAGE USING MANY FEATURES OF BCPL AND IT IS CALLED AS B LANGUAGE.IN 1970's C WAS EVOLVED FROM ALGOL,BCPL AND B , IT WAS DEVELOPED BY DENNIS RITCHIE AT BELL LABOURATORIES.

HOW TO GET OUTPUT FROM THE PROGRAM ?

         WHENEVER WE WRITE THE PROGRAM FIRST WE HAVE TO COMPILE IT AND WE HAVE TO EXECUTE IT.

          COMPILATION  IS THE FURTHER PREPARATION OF EXECUTION AND IN EXECUTION ONLY COMPUTER WORKS ON OUTPUT.

EXAMPLE PROGRAM:

                   #include<stdio.h>

                    main()

                    {

                        printf("hello");

                     }        

main();

         MAIN() IS THE IMPORTANT FACTOR IN ALL THE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES BECAUSE, WHENEVER WE RUN THE PROGRAM THE OPERATING SYSTEM [OS] WILL ONLY SEARCH FOR MAIN(),ONCE THE MAIN() IS FOUND BY OS,THE CODES BELOW THE MAIN() STARTS TO EXECUTE.

           MAIN() IS NOTHING BUT THE BEGINNING OF THE PROGRAM AND MOST IMPORTANTLY THE CODES RETURN WRITTEN INSIDE THE MAIN() MUST ENCLOSED WITHIN PARANTHESIS{}.

printf();

           PRINTF IS USED TO PRINT THE OUTPUT.WHATEVER WE WRITE INSIDE THE PRINTF() WILL PRINT ON THE OUTPUT SCREEN.

           PRINTF IS THE INBUILD FUNCTION.THE STATEMENTS INSIDE THE PRINTF() WILL BE ENCLOSED WITH DOUBLE CODES(" ").

#include <stdio.h>;

       <stdio.h>:

               <STANDARD INPUT OUTPUT.HEADER FILE>...,  THE INBUILD FUNCTION CODE WAS ALREADY WRITTEN INSIDE IN  <stdio.h>.

         #include:

                  printf.,scanf CODES WERE ALREADY  INSIDE IN stdio.h.,SO WE ASK THE OS TO INCLUDE INPUT OUTPUT FUNCTIONS<STDIO.H>.

                  # IS NOTHING BUT PREPROCESSOR DIRECTIVE.

 
COMPILATION AND EXECUTION :

            You must be wondering why the procedure requires two steps—first, we compile the code, and then we run it. Using Turbo C and the command line or Terminal, we performed the identical action.
            The process of compilation is when the compiler determines whether the program's syntax is proper and free of mistakes, and if it is, it translates the C language source code into machine-understandable object code.
             Only the existing compiled code is executed when we run a compiled application.
             When we use the command line to start a C programme, this distinction is obvious. A.out file is created when the code is compiled, and it is then Run to run the application.
             If you make any changes to your programme after a.out file has been generated in the source code file, you must recompile the code; otherwise, the.out file will include the old source code and continue to run the old programme.

scanf () :

         In stdio, scanf in C is defined. H header file writes structured data into the memory address of variables supplied as parameters in the function call after reading the data from the standard input stream. The user has the opportunity to give the programme dynamic values whilst the programme is running thanks to the scanf function. The integer value that the scanf function returns represents the number of items that were successfully allocated to variables.

syntax of scanf() : 

          The formatted text and the memory address of the variables we want to store user-supplied input data in are the two values that the scanf function in C accepts. Let's examine the scanf() function's syntax, which is provided below:

Formula 

int scanf (const char * format string, &variable).