INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER - ARCHITECTURE - PIN DIAGRAM - PROGRAM - APPLICATIONS

 INTRODUCTION OF ARDUINO

An Arduino is essentially a microcontroller-based kit that, owing to its open source hardware feature, may either be produced at home using the components or purchased straight from the seller and used right away. It is mostly used for communications and for operating a variety of devices. 

ARCHITECTURE OF ARDUINO 

The Harvard design, which has separate memory for the programme code and programme data, is essentially what the Arduino processor employs. There are two memories in it: a programme memory and a data memory.The data is kept in the data memory, but the code is kept in the flash programme memory. The Atmega328 runs at a clock speed of 16MHz and features 32 KB of flash memory for code storage (of which 0.5 KB is needed for the bootloader), 2 KB of SRAM, and 1 KB of EEPROM.

PIN DIAGRAM 

Arduino Uno is a popular illustration of an Arduino board. It is an ATmega328 microprocessor with 28 pins.

The Arduino Uno has 6 analogue inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, 14 digital input/output pins, 6 of which can be used as PWM outputs, a USB port, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.

Power Jack: The Arduino can be powered from a computer through USB or from an outside source, such as an adaptor or a battery. It can run off an external power between 7 and 12 volts. Through the pin Vin or by providing voltage reference through the IORef pin, power can be applied externally.

Digital input: It has 14 digital input/output pins, each of which may supply or consume 40mA of electricity. Pins 0 and 1, which serve as Rx and Tx, respectively, in serial communication, pins 2 and 3, which are external interrupts, pins 3,5,6,9, and 11 which offer pwm output, and pin 13 where an LED is linked are some of their particular roles.

Anolog input: It features six analogue input/output pins, each of which offers a resolution of 10 bits.

ARef: A reference to the analogue inputs is provided by ARef.

Reset: When low, it resets the microcontroller.

PROGRAMMING OF ARDUINO

The main benefit of Arduino is that programmes can be put directly onto the hardware without the need for a hardware programmer to burn the programming. This is accomplished due to the Bootloader's 0.5 KB size, which enables the programme to be burned into the circuit. Downloading the Arduino software and writing the code are the only things left to accomplish.

coding an ArduinoThe toolbar with the buttons for verify, upload, new, open, save, and serial monitor is located in the Arduino tool window. It also has a text editor for writing code, a message box for providing feedback like mistakes, a text console for showing output, and a number of menus such the File, Edit, and Tools menus.

STEPS OF PROGRAMMING

Sketches are the name for an Arduino programme. A simple sketch has three components.

1. Variable Declaration
2. Initialization: The setup () function contains a description of it.
3. The loop () function is used to write the control code.

The sketch has an extension of.ino. The tool menu or the buttons on the toolbar can be used to do any function, such as verifying, opening, or saving a sketch.
The sketchbook directory is where it should be kept.
Select the appropriate board using the serial port numbers and the tools menu.
Either select upload from the tools menu or click the upload button. As a result, the bootloader uploads the code to the microcontroller.

APPLICATIONS OF ARDUINO

These days, Arduino microcontrollers are preferred for a number of reasons:

Usefulness: Arduino boards are made to be simple to use, even for novices without any prior knowledge of electronics or programming. They come with an easy-to-learn programming language, and there are numerous online libraries and starter projects to assist users in getting started.

Open Source: The entire Arduino platform is open source, which entails that the board designs and schematics are available for free. Due to the large developer and user community that can work together and contribute to the platform, there are many different hardware and software options available.

Low Price: Arduino boards are reasonably priced, making them available for a variety of users and applications. Due to the low cost, it is possible to use multiple boards in projects, which enables the development of more sophisticated and complex systems.

Flexibility: Arduino boards are quite adaptable, and a variety of shields and sensors are available to increase their functionality. This enables users to design projects that are customised to their unique demands and specifications.

Large Community: The Arduino community is both large and active. Members often post projects, ideas, and knowledge online. It is simple to learn about and advance in the Arduino ecosystem because to this community's assistance and resources, which are available to both novice and seasoned users